moncef	اة''al Jumhuriyya al Jazā'iriyya ad-Dīmuqrāţiyya ash Sha'biyya''
conventional long name	People's Democratic Republic of Algeriaالجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشّعبية
common name	Algeria
national anthem	File:Kassaman instrumental.ogg"Kassaman"''We Pledge''
national motto	" بالشّعب وللشّعب "(Arabic)"By the people and for the people"
image coat	Algeria emb (1976).svg
symbol type	Emblem
official languages	Arabic
languages type	National languages
languages	Berber
capital	Algiers
largest city	capital
government type	Semi-presidential republic
leader title1	President
leader name1	Abdelaziz Bouteflika
leader title2	Prime Minister
leader name2	Ahmed Ouyahia
sovereignty type	History
established event1	Numidia
established date1	from 202 BC
established event2	Roman Republic
established date2	from 46 BC
established event3	Vandal Kingdom
established date3	from 430
established event4	Rustamid dynasty
established date4	from 767
established event5	Zirid dynasty
established date5	from 973
established event6	Hammadid dynasty
established date6	from 1014
established event7	Abdalwadid dynasty
established date7	from 1235
established event8	Ottoman Empire
established date8	from 1516
established event9	French rule
established date9	from 1830
established event10	Independence from France
established date10	10 July 1962
area rank	10th
area magnitude	1 E12
area km2	2381741
''' area sq mi	919595
percent water	negligible
population estimate	36,423,000
population estimate year	2010
population census	29,100,867
population census year	1998
population density km2	14.6
population density sq mi	37.9
population density rank	204th
gdp ppp year	2010
gdp ppp	$251.117 billion
gdp ppp per capita	$6,949
gdp nominal	$160.270 billion
gdp nominal year	2010
gdp nominal per capita	$4,435
gini	35.3
gini year	1995
gini category	medium
hdi year	2010
hdi	0.677
hdi rank	84th
hdi category	high
Currency	Algerian dinar
Currency code	DZD
Time zone	CET (UTC+01)
Demonym	Algerian
Drives on	right
Cctld	.dz, الجزائر.
Calling code	213
Footnotes	Modern Standard Arabic is the official language.Tamazight is spoken by one third of the population and has been recognized as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment since 8 May 2002. Algerian Arabic (or Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Although French has no official status, Algeria is the second Francophone country in the world in terms of speakers and French is still widely used in the government, the culture, the media (newspapers) and the education system (since primary school), due to Algeria's colonial history and can be regarded as the ''de facto'' co-official language of Algeria. The Kabyle language, the most spoken Berber language in the country, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylia. }}

Algeria (; , ''al-Jazā’ir''; Berber and Algerian Arabic: Dzayer or Ldzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (''Al Jumhuriyah al Jazairiyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash Shabiyah''), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb. In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa, the Arab World and of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. It is the 10th-largest country in the world.

Algeria is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost . It has an estimated population of 35.7 million (2010). The capital of Algeria is Algiers.

Algeria is a member of the Arab League, the African Union, OPEC and the United Nations. It is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.

Etymology

The country's name is derived from the city of Algiers. A possible etymology links the city name to الجزائر ''Al-jazā’ir'', a truncated form of the city's older name of جزائر بني مازغان jazā’ir banī mazghanā, the Arabic for "the islands of the Mazghanna Berber tribes", as used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi. But, another origin is likely to be more exact: The word "Ldzayer", which means Algeria in Maghrebi Arabic and Berber languages, is related to Ziri ibn Manad (Ziri means Moonlight in Berber), the founder of the Zirid dynasty. It is useful to note that the Algerian designate themselves by the word of Dziri/Dzayri.

In antiquity, parts of modern day Algeria were known as Numidia or Mauretania.

History

Ancient history

In Antiquity Algeria was known as the kingdom of Numidia and its people were called the Numidians. The kingdom of Numidia had early relations with the Carthaginians, Romans and Ancient Greeks, the region was considered a fertile area, and the Numidians were known for their fine cavalry.

The indigenous peoples of northern Africa are a distinct native population, the Berbers.

After 1000 BCE, the Carthaginians began establishing settlements along the coast. The Berbers seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, and Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably Numidia.

In 200 BCE, they were once again taken over, this time by the Roman Republic. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476 CE, the Berbers became independent again in many regions, while the Vandals took control over other areas, where they remained until expelled by the Byzantine general Belisarius under the direction of Emperor Justinian I. The Byzantine Empire then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the Arabs in the 8th century.

Middle Ages

The Berber people controlled much of the Maghreb region throughout the Middle Ages. The Berbers were made up of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were themselves divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example, Sanhadja, Houaras, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, and Berghwata). All these tribes were independent and made territorial decisions.

Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in Maghreb, Sudan, Andalusia, Italy, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Egypt, and other nearby lands. Ibn Khaldun provides a table summarizing the Zirid, Banu Ifran, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa and Hafsid dynasties.

Arrival of Islam

When Muslim Arabs arrived in Algeria in the mid-7th century, a large number of locals converted to the new faith. After the fall of the Umayyad Arab Dynasty in 751, numerous local Berber dynasties emerged. Amongst those dynasties were the Aghlabids, Almohads, Abdalwadid, Zirids, Rustamids, Hammadids, Almoravids, and the Fatimids.

Having converted the Berber Kutama of the Lesser Kabylia to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt, leaving Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals. When the latter rebelled, the Shia Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them.

Spanish enclaves

The Spanish expansionist policy in North Africa began with the rule of the Catholic monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and their regent Cisneros, once the ''Reconquista'' of the Iberian Peninsula was completed, several towns and outposts on the Algerian coast were conquered and occupied by the Spanish Empire: Mers El Kébir (1505), Oran (1509), Algiers (1510) and Bugia (1510). On 15 January 1510 the King of Algiers, Samis El Felipe, was forced into submission by the king of Spain. King El Felipe called for help from the corsairs Hayreddin Barbarossa and Oruç Reis who previously helped Andalusian Muslims and Jews escape from Spanish oppression in 1492. In 1516, Oruç Reis conquered Algiers with the support of 1,300 Turkish soldiers on board 16 galliots and became its ruler, with Algiers joining the Ottoman Empire.

The Spaniards left Algiers in 1529, Bugia in 1554, Mers El Kébir and Oran in 1708. The Spanish returned in 1732 when the armada of the Duke of Montemar was victorious in the Battle of Aïn-el-Turk; Spain recaptured Oran and Mers El Kébir. Both cities were held until 1792, when they were sold by King Charles IV of Spain to the Bey of Algiers.

Ottoman rule

Algeria was made part of the Ottoman Empire by Hayreddin Barbarossa and his brother Aruj in 1517. After the death of Oruç Reis in 1518, his brother succeeded him. The Sultan Selim I sent him 6000 soldiers and 2000 janissaries with which he conquered most of the Algerian territory taken by the Spanish, from Annaba to Mostaganem. Further Spanish attacks led by Hugo of Moncada in 1519 were also pushed back. In 1541 Charles V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, attacked Algiers with a convoy of 65 warships, 451 ships and 23,000 men, 2000 of whom were mounted. The attack resulted in failure however, and the Algerian leader Hassan Agha became a national hero as Algiers grew into a center of military power in the Mediterranean.

The Ottomans established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 17th century. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801–1805) and Second Barbary Wars (1815) with the United States. The pirates forced the people on the ships they captured into slavery; when the pirates attacked coastal villages in southern and Western Europe the inhabitants were forced into the Arab slave trade.

The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs or the Marine Jihad (الجهاد البحري), were Muslim pirates and privateers that operated from North Africa, from the time of the Crusades until the early 19th century. Based in North African ports such as Tunis in Tunisia, Tripoli in Libya and Algiers in Algeria, they preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea.

Their stronghold was along the stretch of northern Africa known as the Barbary Coast (a medieval term for the Maghreb after its Berber inhabitants), but their predation was said to extend throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard, and into the North Atlantic as far north as Iceland and the United States. They often made raids, called ''Razzias'', on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in places such as Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Algeria and Morocco. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages in Italy, Spain and Portugal, and from farther places like France, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Russia, Scandinavia and even Iceland, India, Southeast Asia and North America.

The impact of these attacks was devastating – France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships, and long stretches of coast in Spain and Italy were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.

The most famous corsairs were the Ottoman ''Barbarossa'' ("Redbeard") brothers—Hayreddin (Hızır) and his older brother Oruç Reis – who took control of Algiers in the early 16th century and turned it into the center of Mediterranean piracy and privateering for three centuries, as well as establishing the Ottoman Empire's presence in North Africa which lasted four centuries.

Other famous Ottoman privateer-admirals included Turgut Reis (known as Dragut in the West), Kurtoğlu (known as Curtogoli in the West), Kemal Reis, Salih Reis, Nemdil Reis and Murat Reis the Elder. Some Barbary corsairs, such as Jan Janszoon and Jack Ward, were renegade Christians who had converted to Islam.

In 1544, Hayreddin captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population. In 1551, Turgut Reis enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. In 1554, pirates sacked Vieste in southern Italy and took an estimated 7,000 slaves. In 1555, Turgut Reis sacked Bastia, Corsica, taking 6,000 prisoners.

In 1558, Barbary corsairs captured the town of Ciutadella (Minorca), destroyed it, slaughtered the inhabitants and took 3,000 survivors to Istanbul as slaves. In 1563, Turgut Reis landed on the shores of the province of Granada, Spain, and captured coastal settlements in the area, such as Almuñécar, along with 4,000 prisoners. Barbary pirates often attacked the Balearic Islands, and in response many coastal watchtowers and fortified churches were erected. The threat was so severe that the island of Formentera became uninhabited.

Between 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates. In the 19th century, Barbary pirates would capture ships and enslave the crew. Later American ships were attacked. During this period, the pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels. One American slave reported that the Algerians had enslaved 130 American seamen in the Mediterranean and Atlantic from 1785 to 1793.

Plague had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost from 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and again in 1654–57, 1665, 1691, and 1740–42.

French rule

On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded and captured Algiers in 1830. The conquest of Algeria by the French was long and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the indigenous Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872.

Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria, but the conquest was slow, because of intense resistance from such people as Emir Abdelkader, Cheikh Mokrani, Cheikh Bouamama, the tribe of Ouled Sid Cheikh, Ahmed Bey and Fatma N'Soumer. Indeed, the conquest was not technically complete until the early 20th century when the last of the Tuareg people were conquered in 1920.

Meanwhile, however, the French made Algeria an integral part of France. Tens of thousands of settlers mainly from Spain and Italy, with some others from France and Malta moved in to farm the Algerian coastal plain and occupied significant parts of Algerian cities.

These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land. Algeria's social fabric suffered during the occupation: literacy plummeted, while land development uprooted much of the population.

Starting from the end of the 19th century, people of European descent in Algeria (or natives like Spanish people in Oran), as well as the native Algerian Jews (classified as Sephardi Jews), became full French citizens. Formally Algeria as a French territory was a member of the European Communities from the founding of the European Community of Coal and Steel (ECSC) in 1952. Formal membership ended with independence in 1962.

After Algeria's 1962 independence, the Europeans were called ''Pieds-Noirs'' ("black feet"). Some apocryphal sources suggest the title comes from the black boots settlers wore, but the term seems not to have been widely used until the time of the Algerian War of Independence and it's more likely it started as an insult towards settlers returning from Africa. In contrast, the vast majority of Muslim Algerians (even veterans of the French army) received neither French citizenship nor the right to vote.

Post-independence

In 1954, the National Liberation Front (FLN) launched the Algerian War of Independence which was a guerrilla campaign. By the end of the war, newly elected President Charles de Gaulle held a plebiscite, offering Algerians three options. In a famous speech (4 June 1958 in Algiers) de Gaulle proclaimed in front of a vast crowd of Pieds-Noirs "Je vous ai compris" (I have understood you). Most Pieds-noirs then believed that de Gaulle meant that Algeria would remain French. The poll resulted in a landslide vote for complete independence from France. Over one million people, 10% of the population, then fled the country for France in just a few months in mid-1962. These included most of the 1,025,000 ''Pieds-Noirs'', as well as 81,000 ''Harkis'' (pro-French Algerians serving in the French Army). In the days preceding the bloody conflict, a group of Algerian Rebels opened fire on a marketplace in Oran killing numerous innocent civilians, mostly women. It is estimated that somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 ''Harkis'' and their dependents were killed by the FLN or by lynch mobs in Algeria.

Algeria's first president was the FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella. He was overthrown by his former ally and defense minister, Houari Boumédienne in 1965. Under Ben Bella the government had already become increasingly socialist and authoritarian, and this trend continued throughout Boumédienne's government. However, Boumédienne relied much more heavily on the army, and reduced the sole legal party to a merely symbolic role. Agriculture was collectivised, and a massive industrialization drive launched. Oil extraction facilities were nationalized. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the 1973 oil crisis. However, the Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil which led to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut.

In foreign policy Algeria has strained relations with Morocco, its western neighbor. Reasons for this include Morocco's disputed claim to portions of western Algeria (which led to the Sand War in 1963), Algeria's support for the Polisario Front for its right to self-determination, and Algeria's hosting of Sahrawi refugees within its borders in the city of Tindouf.

Within Algeria, dissent was rarely tolerated, and the state's control over the media and the outlawing of political parties other than the FLN was cemented in the repressive constitution of 1976.

Boumédienne died in 1978, but the rule of his successor, Chadli Bendjedid, was little more open. The state took on a strongly bureaucratic character and corruption was widespread.

The modernization drive brought considerable demographic changes to Algeria. Village traditions underwent significant change as urbanization increased. New industries emerged and agricultural employment was substantially reduced. Education was extended nationwide, raising the literacy rate from less than 10% to over 60%. There was a dramatic increase in the fertility rate to seven to eight children per mother.

Therefore by 1980, there was a very youthful population and a housing crisis. The new generation struggled to relate to the cultural obsession with the war years and two conflicting protest movements developed: communists, including Berber identity movements; and Islamic 'intégristes'. Both groups protested against one-party rule but also clashed with each other in universities and on the streets during the 1980s. Mass protests from both camps in autumn 1988 forced Bendjedid to concede the end of one-party rule.

Algerian political events (1991–2002)

The first round of elections were held in 1991. In December 1991, the Islamic Salvation Front won the first round of the country's first multi-party elections. The military then intervened, declared a state of emergency that limited freedom of speech and assembly, and canceled the second round of elections. It forced then-president Bendjedid to resign and banned all political parties based on religion (including the Islamic Salvation Front). The military junta, the High Council of State (HCE), returned former leader Mohamed Boudiaf to become its chairman, but he was assassinated on June 29, 1992. The political conflict continued, leading Algeria into the violent Algerian Civil War.

More than 160,000 people were killed between 17 January 1992 and June 2002. Most of the deaths were between militants and government troops, but a great number of civilians were also killed. The question of who was responsible for these deaths was controversial at the time amongst academic observers; many were claimed by the Armed Islamic Group. Though many of these massacres were undoubtedly carried out by Islamic extremists, some claimed that the Algerian regime used the army, and foreign mercenaries, to conduct attacks on men, women, and children, and then proceeded to blame the attacks upon various Islamic groups within the country.

Elections resumed in 1995, and after 1998, the war waned. On 27 April 1999, after a series of short-term leaders representing the military, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the current president, was chosen by the army.

Post war

By 2002, the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or surrendered, taking advantage of an amnesty program, though fighting and terrorism continues in some areas (See Islamic insurgency in Algeria (2002–present)).

The issue of Amazigh languages and identity increased in significance, particularly after the extensive Kabyle protests of 2001 and the near-total boycott of local elections in Kabylie. The government responded with concessions including naming of Tamazight (Berber) as a national language and teaching it in schools.

Much of Algeria is now recovering and developing into an emerging economy. The high prices of oil and natural gas are being used by the new government to improve the country's infrastructure and especially improve industry and agricultural land.

Popular protests – Since 2010

Following a wave of protests in the wake of popular uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, Algeria officially lifted its 19-year-old state of emergency on 24 February 2011. The country's Council of Ministers approved the repeal two days prior.

Geography

Algeria lies mostly between latitudes 19° and 37°N (a small area is north of 37°), and longitudes 9°W and 12°E. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural harbours. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a steppe landscape, which ends with the Saharan Atlas; further south, there is the Sahara desert.

The Ahaggar Mountains (), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about south of the capital, Algiers and just west of Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Tizi Ouzou and Annaba are Algeria's main cities.

Algeria is the biggest country in Africa, followed by Democratic Republic of Congo, thus more than ninety percent of its suface is covered by the Sahara desert.

Climate and hydrology

In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.

The highest official temperature was at In Salah.

Rainfall is fairly abundant along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as in some years. Farther inland the rainfall is less plentiful. Prevailing winds that are easterly and northeasterly in summer change to westerly and northerly in winter and carry with them a general increase in precipitation from September to December, a decrease in the late winter and spring months, and a near absence of rainfall during the summer months.

Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Prevailing winds that are easterly and north-easterly in summer change to westerly and northerly in winter and carry with them a general increase in precipitation from September through December, a decrease in the late winter and spring months, and a near absence of rainfall during the summer months. Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to .

Politics

Algeria is an authoritarian regime, according to the Democracy Index 2010. The Freedom of the Press 2009 report gives it rating "Not Free".

The head of state is the president of Algeria, who is elected for a five-year term. The president was formerly limited to two five-year terms but a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament on 11 November 2008 removed this limitation. Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers.

The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the ''National People's Assembly (APN)'', with 380 members; and an upper chamber, the ''Council Of Nation'', with 144 members. The APN is elected every five years.

Under the 1976 constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996), Algeria is a multi-party state. The Ministry of the Interior must approve all parties. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender or region."

Foreign relations and military

The military of Algeria consists of the People's National Army (ANP), the Algerian National Navy (MRA), and the Algerian Air Force (QJJ), plus the Territorial Air Defense Force. It is the direct successor of the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front, which fought French colonial occupation during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). The commander-in-chief of the military is the president, who is also Minister of National Defense.

Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate). Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 18 months (six training and 12 in civil projects). The total military expenditure in 2006 was estimated variously at 2.7% of GDP (3,096 million), or 3.3% of GDP.

Algeria has its force oriented toward its western (Morocco) and eastern (Libyan) neighbors borders. Its primary military supplier has been the former Soviet Union, which has sold various types of sophisticated equipment under military trade agreements, and the People's Republic of China. Algeria has attempted, in recent years, to diversify its sources of military material. Military forces are supplemented by a 70,000-member gendarmerie or rural police force under the control of the president and 30,000-member ''Sûreté nationale'' or metropolitan police force under the Ministry of the Interior.

The Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia in 2007, to purchase 49 MiG-29SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated $1.9 billion. They also agreed to return old aircraft purchased from the Former USSR. Russia is also building two 636-type diesel submarines for Algeria.

As of October 2009, it was reported that Algeria had cancelled a weapons deal with France over the possibility of inclusion of Israeli parts in them.

Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have put great obstacles in the way of tightening the Arab Maghreb Union, which was nominally established in 1989 but carried little practical weight with its coastal neighbors.

Provinces and districts

Algeria is divided into 48 provinces (''wilayas''), 553 districts (''daïras'') and 1,541 municipalities (''baladiyahs''). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is usually the largest city. According to the Algerian constitution, a province is ''a territorial collectivity enjoying some economic freedom''.

The People's Provincial Assembly is the political entity governing a province, which has a "president", who is elected by the members of the assembly. They are in turn elected on universal suffrage every five years. The "Wali" (Prefect or governor) directs each province. This person is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the PPA's decisions.

The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:

style="text-align:right"Constantine ProvinceChlef ProvinceMédéa ProvinceLaghouat ProvinceMostaganem ProvinceOum El Bouaghi ProvinceM'Sila ProvinceBatna ProvinceMascara ProvinceBéjaïa ProvinceOuargla ProvinceBiskra ProvinceOran ProvinceBéchar ProvinceEl Bayadh ProvinceBlida ProvinceIllizi ProvinceBouïra ProvinceBordj Bou Arréridj ProvinceTamanrasset ProvinceBoumerdès ProvinceTébessa ProvinceEl Taref ProvinceTlemcen ProvinceTindouf ProvinceTiaret ProvinceTissemsilt ProvinceTizi Ouzou ProvinceEl Oued ProvinceAlgiers ProvinceKhenchela ProvinceDjelfa ProvinceSouk Ahras ProvinceJijel ProvinceTipaza ProvinceSétif ProvinceMila ProvinceSaïda ProvinceAïn Defla ProvinceSkikda ProvinceNaâma ProvinceSidi Bel Abbès ProvinceAïn Témouchent ProvinceAnnaba ProvinceGhardaïa ProvinceGuelma ProvinceRelizane Province

#	Provinces of Algeria	Wilaya !! Area (km²)!!Population !!map!! # !! Wilaya !! Area (km²)!!Population
1	Adrar Province>Adrar	>style="text-align:right"| 439,700	rowspan="24">	25	Constantine ||	2,187	943,112
2	Chlef ||	4,975	1,013,718	26	Médéa ||	8,866	830,943
3	Laghouat ||	25,057	477,328	27	Mostaganem ||	2,269	746,947
4	Oum El Bouaghi ||	6,768	644,364	28	M'Sila ||	18,718	991,846
5	Batna ||	12,192	1,128,030	29	Mascara ||	5,941	780,959
6	Béjaïa ||	3,268	915,835	30	Ouargla ||	211,980	552,539
7	Biskra ||	20,986	730,262	31	Oran ||	2,114	1,584,607
8	Béchar ||	161,400	274,866	32	El Bayadh ||	78,870	262,187
9	Blida ||	1,696	1,009,892	33	Illizi ||	285,000	54,490
10	Bouïra ||	4,439	694,750	34	Bordj Bou Arréridj ||	4,115	634,396
11	Tamanrasset ||	556,200	198,691	35	Boumerdes ||	1,591	795,019
12	Tébessa ||	14,227	657,227	36	El Taref ||	3,339	411,783
13	Tlemcen ||	9,061	945,525	37	Tindouf ||	58,193	159,000
14	Tiaret ||	20,673	842,060	38	Tissemsilt ||	3,152	296,366
15	Tizi Ouzou ||	3,568	1,119,646	39	El Oued ||	54,573	673,934
16	Algiers ||	273	2,947,461	40	Khenchela ||	9,811	384,268
17	Djelfa ||	66,415	1,223,223	41	Souk Ahras ||	4,541	440,299
18	Jijel ||	2,577	634,412	42	Tipaza ||	2,166	617,661
19	Sétif ||	6,504	1,496,150	43	Mila ||	9,375	768,419
20	Saïda ||	6,764	328,685	44	Ain Defla ||	4,897	771,890
21	Skikda ||	4,026	904,195	45	Naâma ||	29,950	209,470
22	Sidi Bel Abbès ||	9,150	603,369	46	Ain Timouchent ||	2,376	384,565
23	Annaba ||	1,439	640,050	47	Ghardaia ||	86,105	375,988
24	Guelma ||	4,101	482,261	48	Relizane ||	4,870	733,060

Economy

The fossil fuels energy sector is the backbone of Algeria's economy, accounting for roughly 60 percent of budget revenues, 30 percent of GDP, and over 95 percent of export earnings. The country ranks 14th in petroleum reserves, containing of proven oil reserves with estimates suggesting that the actual amount is even more. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had of proven natural-gas reserves, the tenth largest in the world. Average annual non-hydrocarbon GDP growth averaged 6 percent between 2003 and 2007, with total GDP growing at an average of 4.5 percent during the same period due to less-buoyant oil production during 2006 and 2007. External debt has been virtually eliminated, and the government has accumulated large savings in the oil-stabilization fund (FRR). Inflation, the lowest in the region, has remained stable at four percent on average between 2003 and 2007.

Algeria's financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the International Monetary Fund and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club. Algeria's finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from an increase in oil prices and the government's tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt.

The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards, however. In 2001, the government signed an Association Treaty with the European Union that will eventually lower tariffs and increase trade. In March 2006, Russia agreed to erase $4.74 billion of Algeria's Soviet-era debt during a visit by Russian President Vladimir Putin to the country, the first by a Russian leader in half a century. In return, Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika agreed to buy $7.5 billion worth of combat planes, air-defense systems and other arms from Russia, according to the head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport.

Algeria also decided in 2006 to pay off its full $8 billion (£4.3 billion) debt to the Paris Club group of rich creditor nations before schedule. This would reduce the Algerian foreign debt to less than $5 billion in the end of 2006. The Paris Club said the move reflected Algeria's economic recovery in recent years.

Agriculture

Algeria has always been noted for the fertility of its soil. Twenty-five percent of Algerians are employed in the agricultural sector.

A considerable amount of cotton was grown at the time of the United States' Civil War, but the industry declined afterwards. In the early years of the 20th century efforts to extend the cultivation of the plant were renewed. A small amount of cotton is also grown in the southern oases. Large quantities of dwarf palm are cultivated for the leaves, the fibers of which resemble horsehair. The olive (both for its fruit and oil) and tobacco are cultivated with great success.

More than are devoted to the cultivation of cereal grains. The Tell Atlas is the grain-growing land. During the time of French rule its productivity was increased substantially by the sinking of artesian wells in districts which only required water to make them fertile. Of the crops raised, wheat, barley and oats are the principal cereals. A great variety of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus products, are exported. Algeria also exports figs, dates, esparto grass, and cork. It is the largest oat market in Africa.

Demographics

The population of Algeria is 34,895,000 (January 2010 est.), with 99 percent classified ethnically as Arab or Berber. At the outset of the 20th century, Algeria's population was approximately 4 million. About 90 percent of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the minority who inhabit the Sahara are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1.5 million remain nomadic or partly nomadic. Almost 30% of Algerians are under the age of 15.

Most Algerians have Arab, Berber, and to a lesser extent, southern European and sub-Saharan African ancestry. Furthermore, the country has a diverse population ranging from light skinned, gray eyes Chaoui and blue eyed Kabyles in the atlas mountains to dark skinned Black African looking populations in the Sahara (e.g. the Tuaregs and Gnawa). Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities.

Linguistically, approximately 83% of Algerians speak Algerian Arabic, while approximately 15 percent speak Berber dialects who are to be found in the Kabyle and Chaoui regions mainly. French is widely understood, and Standard Arabic (FosHaa) is taught to and understood by most Algerian Arabic-speaking youth.

Europeans account for less than one percent of the population, inhabiting almost exclusively the largest metropolitan areas. However, during the colonial period there was a large (15.2% in 1962) European population, consisting primarily of French people, in addition to Spaniards in the west of the country, Italians and Maltese in the east, and other Europeans such as Greeks in smaller numbers. Known as ''pieds-noirs'', European colonists were concentrated on the coast and formed a majority of the population of Oran (60%) and important proportions in other large cities like Algiers and Annaba. Almost all of this population left during or immediately after the country's independence from France.

Shortages of housing and medicine continue to be pressing problems in Algeria. Failing infrastructure and the continued influx of people from rural to urban areas has overtaxed both systems. According to the UNDP, Algeria has one of the world's highest per housing unit occupancy rates for housing, and government officials have publicly stated that the country has an immediate shortfall of 1.5 million housing units.

Women make up 70 percent of Algeria's lawyers and 60 percent of its judges, and also dominate the field of medicine. Increasingly, women are contributing more to household income than men. Sixty percent of university students are women, according to university researchers.

It is estimated that 95,700 refugees and asylum-seekers have sought refuge in Algeria. This includes roughly 90,000 from Morocco and 4,100 from Palestine. An estimated 46,000 Sahrawis from Western Sahara live in refugee camps in the Algerian part of the Sahara Desert. As of 2009, 35,000 Chinese migrant workers lived in Algeria.

Ethnic groups

Almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arabs) ; the Arab ethnic presence in the country is mainly due to the Phoenicians and Hilalliens emigration movements (^rd BC and ^th century respectively). However, the majority of Arabized Berber claims an Arab heritage, which is a consequence of the arab nationalism of the early ^th century. The Berber speakers live mostly in four major cities: Batna, Tizi Ouzou, Ghardaia and Tamanrasset capital of the Tuareg people.

Other historic emigration that made the actual Algerians is the Vandalic invasion of the ^th Century.

Languages

The official language of Algeria is (literary) Arabic, as specified in its constitution since 1963. In addition to this, Berber has been recognized as a "national language" by constitutional amendment since 8 May 2002. Between them, these two languages are the native languages of over 99% of Algerians, with Arabic spoken by about 83 percent (including bilingual Berbers) and Berber by 45 percent (excluding Berber-Arabic bilinguals) . French, though it has no official status, is still widely used in government, culture, media (newspapers) and education (taught from primary school), due to Algeria's colonial history and can be regarded as being the ''de facto'' co-official language of Algeria. The Kabyle language, the most-spoken Berber language in the country, is taught and partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylia. Algerian cities have commonly been given Berber and ancient Roman names.

Religion

{{bar box |title=Religion in Algeria, 2010 |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= }}

Islam is the predominant religion with ninety-nine percent of the population. Almost all Algerian Muslims follow Sunni Islam, with the exception of some 200,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia.

There are also some 250,000 Christians in the country, including about 10,000 Roman Catholics and 150,000 to 200,000 evangelical Protestants (mainly Pentecostal), according to the Protestant Church of Algeria's leader Mustapha Krim. Most of them live in Kabylia area where there are more than 70 underground churches. The nation has experienced a decline in Christianity as a result of Islamization for over a millennium.

Algeria had an important Jewish community until the 1960s. Nearly all of this community emigrated following the country's independence, although a very small number of Jews continue to live in Algiers.

Cities

Health

In 2002, Algeria had inadequate numbers of physicians (1.13 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to “improved water sources” was limited to 92 percent of the population in urban areas and 80 percent of the population in rural areas. Some 99 percent of Algerians living in urban areas, but only 82 percent of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of “reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.” Given Algeria’s young population, policy favors preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunization program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge. - Algeria

Education

Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. Approximately 5% of the adult population of the country is illiterate.

In Algeria there are 46 universities, 10 colleges, and 7 institutes for higher learning. The University of Algiers was founded in 1909, and its students contributed to the total 267,142 students that were enrolled in Algerian universities in 1996. The Algerian school system is structured into Basic, General Secondary, and Technical Secondary levels:

; Basic: Ecole fondamentale (Fundamental School)Length of program: nine yearsAge range: six to 15Certificate/diploma awarded: Brevet d'Enseignement Moyen B.E.M. ; General Secondary: Lycée d'Enseignement général (School of General Teaching), lycées polyvalents (General-Purpose School)Length of program: three yearsAge range: 15 to 18Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement secondaire(Bachelor's Degree of Secondary School) ; Technical Secondary: Lycées d'Enseignement technique (Technical School)Length of program: three yearsCertificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat technique (Technical Bachelor's Degree)

Culture

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine and Ahlam Mosteghanemi while Assia Djebar is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views.

In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria. Algerian culture has been strongly influenced by Islam, the main religion. The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.

In painting, Mohammed Khadda and M'hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years.

Cinema

Music

Sport

Literature

Cookery

Landscapes and monuments of Algeria

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria

There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel. The only natural World Heritage Sites is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range.

Affiliations

Algeria is a member of the following organizations:

Organization	Dates
	since 10 August 1962
	since 16 August 1962
	since 1969
	since 25 May 1963

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). ''Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present''. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: Hurst. ISBN 978-0-86543-266-6.

Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). ''Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects''. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34848-5.

Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). ''The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30150-3.

Fanon, Frantz (1966; 2005 paperback). ''The Wretched of the Earth''. Grove Press. ASIN B0007FW4AW, ISBN 978-0-8021-4132-3.

Horne, Alistair (1977). ''A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962''. Viking Adult. ISBN 978-0-670-61964-1, ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6 (2006 reprint)

Laouisset, Djamel (2009). ''A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry''. New York City: Nova Publishers. ISBN 0902548267.

Roberts, Hugh (2003). ''The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity''. London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-85984-684-1.

Ruedy, John (1992). ''Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34998-9.

Stora, Benjamin (2001). ''Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3715-1.

Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008". ''Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation'' (via Google Books). Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-7418-5.

External links

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria ''official government website''

}} }}

Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories Category:Countries of the Mediterranean Sea Category:French-speaking countries Category:G15 nations Category:Member states of the African Union Category:Member states of the Arab League Category:Member states of OPEC Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Category:Member states of the United Nations Category:Northern African countries Category:Republics Category:Requests for audio pronunciation (Arabic) Category:Requests for audio pronunciation (Berber) Category:States and territories established in 1962

ace:Aljazair af:Algerië als:Algerien am:አልጄሪያ ang:Algeria ar:الجزائر an:Alcheria arc:ܓܙܐܐܪ roa-rup:Algheria frp:Alg·èrie ast:Arxelia az:Əlcəzair bm:Aljeri bn:আলজেরিয়া bjn:Aljajair zh-min-nan:Algeria be:Алжыр be-x-old:Альжыр bcl:Algerya bo:ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ། bs:Alžir br:Aljeria bg:Алжир ca:Algèria cv:Алжир (патшалăх) ceb:Arhelya cs:Alžírsko cy:Algeria da:Algeriet pdc:Altschieri de:Algerien dv:ޖަޒާއިރު nv:Aljííya dsb:Algeriska dz:ཨལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ། et:Alžeeria el:Αλγερία es:Argelia eo:Alĝerio ext:Argélia eu:Aljeria ee:Algeria fa:الجزایر hif:Algeria fo:Algeria fr:Algérie fy:Algerije ga:An Ailgéir gv:Yn Algear gag:Aljir gd:Aildiria gl:Alxeria - الجزائر xal:Алҗрмудин Улс Орн ko:알제리 ha:Aljeriya haw:‘Alekelia hy:Ալժիր hi:अल्जीरिया hsb:Algeriska hr:Alžir io:Aljeria ig:Algeria bpy:আলজেরিয়া id:Aljazair ia:Algeria ie:Algeria os:Алжир is:Alsír it:Algeria he:אלג'יריה jv:Aljazair kn:ಅಲ್ಜೀರಿಯ pam:Algeria krc:Алжир ka:ალჟირი kk:Алжир (мемлекет) kw:Aljeri rw:Aligeriya ky:Алжир sw:Algeria kg:Djazairia ht:Aljeri ku:Alcerya mrj:Алжир lad:Arjelia la:Algerium lv:Alžīrija lb:Algerien lt:Alžyras lij:Algerîa li:Algerieë ln:Aljeria jbo:jexygu'e lmo:Algeria hu:Algéria mk:Алжир mg:Aljeria ml:അൾജീറിയ mt:Alġerija mr:अल्जीरिया xmf:ალჟირი arz:الجزاير mzn:الجزایر ms:Algeria mdf:Алжир my:အယ်လ်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ na:Algeria nl:Algerije new:अल्जेरिया ja:アルジェリア ce:Алжир pih:Algeria no:Algerie nn:Algerie nov:Algeria oc:Argeria mhr:Алжир uz:Jazoir pnb:الجزائر pap:Algeria ps:الجېريا km:ប្រទេសអាល់ហ្សេរី pms:Algerìa nds:Algerien pl:Algieria pt:Argélia kbd:Алджазаир kaa:Aljir crh:Cezair ro:Algeria rm:Algeria qu:Alhirya rue:Алжір ru:Алжир sah:Алжир se:Algeria sm:Algeria sa:अल्जीरिया sg:Alazëri sc:Algerìa sco:Algerie stq:Algerien sq:Algjeria scn:Algirìa simple:Algeria sd:الجزائر ss:I-Alijeriya sk:Alžírsko sl:Alžirija szl:Algeryjo so:Aljeeriya ckb:جەزائیر sr:Алжир sh:Alžir fi:Algeria sv:Algeriet tl:Alherya ta:அல்சீரியா kab:Dzayer roa-tara:Algerie tt:Әлҗәзаир te:అల్జీరియా th:ประเทศแอลจีเรีย tg:Алҷазоир tr:Cezayir tk:Alžir bug:Aljazair uk:Алжир ur:الجزائر ug:ئالجىرىيە vec:Algeria vi:Algérie vo:Laljerän fiu-vro:Alžeeriä wa:Aldjereye zh-classical:阿爾及利亞 war:Alherya wo:Alseeri wuu:阿尔及利亚 ts:Algeria yi:אלזשיר yo:Àlgéríà zh-yue:阿爾及利亞 diq:Cezayir zea:Alherije bat-smg:Alžīrs zh:阿尔及利亚

Grace Carpenter Hudson (1865 - 1937) was an American painter. She was nationally known during her lifetime for a numbered series of more than 684 portraits of the local Pomo Indians. She painted the first, "National Thorn", after her marriage in 1891, and the last in 1935.

Early life

Grace Carpenter was born in Potter Valley, California. Her mother was one of the first white school teachers educating Pomo children and was a commercial portrait photographer in Ukiah, California; her father was a skilled panoramic and landscape photographer who chronicled early Mendocino County frontier enterprises such as logging, shipping and railroading. At fourteen years of age, Grace was sent to attend the recently-established San Francisco School of Design, an art school which emphasized painting from nature rather than from memory or by copying existing works. At sixteen, she executed an award-winning, full length, life sized self-portrait in crayon. While in San Francisco, she met and eloped with a man fifteen years her senior named William Davis, upsetting her parents and ending her formal studies. The marriage lasted only a year.

From 1885 to 1890, Grace Carpenter Davis lived with her parents in Ukiah painting, teaching and rendering illustrations for magazines such as Cosmopolitan and Overland Monthly. Her work at that time had no particular focus and included genre, landscapes, portraits and still lifes in all media. Later in her career she would continue to accept occasional magazine illustration assignments including ones for Sunset.

Marriage to John Hudson

In 1890, Grace married John Wilz Napier Hudson, M.D. (1857-1936) who had come to California from Nashville, Tennessee in 1889 to serve as physician for the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad. The newlyweds shared a keen interest in preserving and recording Native American culture.

Professional success

Grace Carpenter Hudson painted "National Thorn" in 1891; it was selected to be shown at the Minneapolis Art Association exhibit where it proved very popular. Her painting "Little Mendocino", another Pomo infant portrait, got much attention at the Chicago World's Fair, where it earned honorable mention in 1893. In 1894, "Little Mendocino" was hung at the Midwinter Fair in San Francisco, yielding further commissions for works in a similar vein.

By 1895, Grace's growing success as a popular artist was bringing in more than enough money for the couple to live in modest comfort. John Hudson gave up his medical practice in order to study the Pomo people and follow his deep interests in archeology and ethnography. His collection of California Indian baskets and other Native American artifacts can be found in the Smithsonian Institution, the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, the Brooklyn Museum and the Grace Hudson Museum in Ukiah, whose research collection is based on his manuscripts and correspondence.

Grace meticulously photographed and documented each of her works from this time forward; she was concerned with the proliferation of counterfeit copies being produced. Her notes were intended to establish her copyright. Each of her works are numbered in sequence. She often used the camera as the initial basis for her oil portraits, as it allowed the human subject to be captured quickly. She took pains to conceal this practical convenience from the art world as it was considered an inferior method at the time.

In 1900-1901, Grace Hudson had become exhausted from supplying the demand for her popular paintings; she took a solo vacation in the Territory of Hawaii, relaxing and refreshing herself. While there, she completed 26 paintings of Island scenes and Japanese, Chinese and Hawaiian people. While Grace was away, John Hudson became the Pacific Coast ethnologist for the Field Columbian Museum, documenting Northern California native activities including an extensive study of aboriginal fish trapping methods.

Returning to the United States, Grace rejoined her husband and resumed work supplying sentimental Pomo portraits to eager buyers as well as accompanying John on much of his field work. In 1902, she painted a portrait of a Pawnee boy; John Hudson had been working to document the Pawnee on assignment for the Field Columbian Museum. In 1904, Grace Hudson accepted a commission from the Field Columbian Museum to take up residence in the Oklahoma Territory and paint further images of the remaining Pawnee, a people who had been nearly wiped out by contact with European diseases. There she preserved primarily chiefs and elders on canvas and photographic negative. While in Oklahoma, some of the Hudson's collected artifacts and Grace's paintings were destroyed in San Francisco's calamitous fire following the 1906 earthquake.

Grace Hudson Museum and Sun House

Returning to California, Grace and John Hudson lived the rest of their days leading a modest bohemian lifestyle of collecting, traveling, field work, reading, entertaining, photography and painting based in The Sun House in Ukiah, a Craftsman-style California bungalow they designed and had built of redwood in 1911. The Hopi sun symbol was adopted by the Hudsons as their family symbol; the Sun House displays the emblem prominently over the door. John Hudson died there in 1936.

With no children of her own, Grace Hudson left The Sun House and its land to her nephew, Mark Carpenter. Carpenter preserved the house and its 30,000 collected objects for posterity, giving it to the City of Ukiah which operates the house and the adjoining Grace Hudson Museum. Today, the Sun House is California Historical Landmark #926, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Sun House and Museum are within the Hudson-Carpenter city park. The museum's website says of Grace Hudson that "...her work enjoys renewed interest and recognition for its fine and sympathetic portrayals of native peoples."

References

National Museum of Wildlife Art - Biography

Grace Hudson Artist of the Pomo Indians, 2006, Lucienne T. Lanson, Patricia L Tetzlaff co-authors.

External links

Grace Hudson Museum - official site

City of Ukiah: Grace Hudson Museum and Sun House

Category:1865 births Category:1937 deaths Category:American painters Category:American photographers Category:San Francisco Art Institute alumni Category:People from Mendocino County, California Category:Women painters

Salima Hamouche (born January 17, 1984) is an Algerian international volleyball player.

Club information

Current club : GSP ( ex MC Algiers) Debut club : ASW Bejaia

References

Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Algerian volleyball players

ar:سليمة حموش fr:Salima Hamouche pl:Salima Hammouche